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英语论文参考文献mla格式

发布时间:2024-05-14 07:31:54

英语论文参考文献mla格式

格式每个段落首行需要缩进一个“Tab”的长度MLA格式段落与段落之间不留空行MLA格式需要在论文每一页的右上角标注Last Name和页码,如“Jim 4” MLA格式的论文的基本结构为:前4行左对齐,依次为:学生姓名,任课老师姓名,课程号,写作日期

这里将参考文献格式分为两种,一种是文内注(In-text Citation),另一种是文章结尾的参考文献目录,一般称为Reference List,也有不同叫法的,下面会说到。

一般来说,许多参考文献格式都是基于两种格式:APA格式和MLA格式,另外还有CMS格式和哈佛文献格式(Harvard System)等,都是比较常见的参考文献格式。下面就分别对这四种格式做一个简要的说明。

 格式

APA是美国心理协会的缩写,全称是The American Psychological Association,APA格式指的是该协会出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》,目前已出版至第7版。主要用于社会科学和自然科学类(Social and Natural Sciences)的文章。国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。

APA格式的细节十分复杂,这里就不赘述了,如果想深入了解,普渡大学官网有一个版块:里面对前面提到的前三种格式都有详细的介绍。APA文内注的基本格式是“(作者姓氏,发表年份)”。文末的参考文献目录是Reference List,必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:

期刊类:

【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数:起止页码】

Smith, J. (2006). The title of the article. The title of Journal, 1, 101-105.

非期刊类:

【作者】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】

.(2002).What computers can’t do. New York: Harp& Row.

格式

MLA 是美国现代语言协会(Modern Language Association)制定的论文指导格式,多用于人文学科(Liberal Arts)。MLA文内注的基本格式是“(作者姓氏,文献页码)”。文末的参考文献目录在MLA格式中称为Works Cited,同样是以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:

期刊类:

【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】

Nwezeh, . “The Comparative Approach to Modern African Literature.” Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28 (1979): 22.

非期刊类:

【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【发表年份】

Winfield, Richard Dien. Law in Civil Society. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1995.

格式

CMS格式,又叫芝加哥论文格式,全称The Chicago Manual of Style,源于芝加哥大学出版社在1906年出版的Manual Style,目前已出至第十七版,主要用于人文学科(humanities),它使用脚注、尾注和参考文献目录来注明文献来源。

芝加哥格式的文内注和APA格式一样,采取作者姓氏加上年份,如果需要,还可以加上页码,比如:(Goman 1989, 59)。脚注和尾注(Footnote or endnote)的结构为:

期刊类:

【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】【起止页码】

Susan Peck MacDonald, “The Erasure of Language,” College Composition and Communication 58,no. 4 (2007): 619.

非期刊类:

【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【出版年份】

First name Lastname, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

文末参考文献称为bibliography或者References,其结构为:

期刊类:

【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】【起止页码】

MacDonald, SusanPeck. “The Erasure of Language.” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625.

非期刊类:

【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【出版年份】

Last name, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

4.哈佛文献格式

顾名思义,是哈佛大学的论文参考文献标准,全名为:哈佛注释体系(Harvard System),起源于美国,但是在英国和澳洲等国家运用得比较多,尤其在物理和自然科学领域。

哈佛格式的文内注也和APA格式一样,采取作者姓氏加上年份的方式。文末的参考文献目录的基本结构为:

期刊类:

【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【起止页码】

Ross, N. (2015). On Truth Content and False Consciousness in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory. Philosophy Today, 59(2), pp. 269-290.

非期刊类:

【作者】【出版年份】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】

以上就是四种参考文献格式的一个最简要介绍,每一种格式的规定中还有非常多的细节,比如相同姓氏的作者、多个作者、电子出版物、会议论文等等情况,另外还有排版、字号、缩进、空格等等,具体在写作中采用哪一种再去查找相关细则。

参考文献mla格式英文期刊

英文参考文献引用格式有两种:APA格式和MLA格式。

1、APA格式:APA(American Psychological Association)是一种标明参考来源的格式,主要使用在社会科学领域及其他学术准则中,国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。

APA文内注的参考文献格式是:“(作者姓氏,发表年份)”。

APA文末的参考文献目录格式是:Reference List, 必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:

期刊类:【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数:起止页码】Smith,J.(2006).The title of the title of Journal,1,101-105。

非期刊类:【作者】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】.(2002).What computers can't York:Harp&Row。

2、MLA格式:MLA是美国现代语言协会(Modern Language Association)制定的论文指导格式,多用于人文学科(Liberal Arts)。

MLA文内注的基本格式:“(作者姓氏,文献页码)”。

MLA文末的参考文献目录格式:在MLA格式中称为Works Cited,同样是以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:

期刊类:【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】Nwezeh,.“The Comparative Approachto Modern African Literature.”Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28(1979):22。

非期刊类:【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【发表年份】Winfield,Richard in Civil of Wisconsin P,1995。

文献引用不符合要求具体表现是:

1、所列文献范围过宽,凡所参阅过的均列出其中,如教材、内部刊物、获奖过但并未公开发表的成果报告等。

2、所列文献过多,如有些医生认为文献越多越好,将参阅过的文章书籍后的参考文献也悉数收录,有些文献作者并没有亲自阅读,只是认为跟自己的文章搭点边,也凑数其后。

3、所列文献过少,有些医生怕自己文章引述别人东西太多,被人认为抄袭,故意将一些重要参考文献略去。

4、对文献的理解偏面,以为只有引用文献原文才需要列出。

5、大而不当,将整期刊物甚至连续几期杂志或整张报纸作为参考文献。

MLA 是一种常用的引用格式,由于MLA 格式很严谨,在 文章 中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用。下面我给大家分享一些mla英语论文引用格式要求,希望能对大家有所帮助。mla英语论文引用格式要求 Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature” 关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则 1. The thesis is written in English, including the citation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。) 2. What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white x 11-inch paper. Set the margins of your thesis to one-inch( centimeters)on all sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版,双倍行距。页边距为厘米,16开A4白色纸打印,英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。) 3. How to Create a Header? 如何编辑页眉?Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉,将你的姓和页码标注在右上角,姓和页码之间有一个空格,不用标点符号;上面边距是厘米,右边与正文部分对齐。) 4. How to deal with the first page? 第一页格式的处理。In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutor’s name; the course; and the date. The date in MLA format should be written as “day month year.”: . 29 December 2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) Be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角,纵向排列你的名字;学号、班级;指导老师的名字;课程名称;日期(格式是日月年,中间不用标点符号,月份也不用缩写,如:29 December 2011) 5. How to write a title?(如何写标题?)The title is centered and written in 12-piont Times New Roman font. The title is not bold, underlined, or italicized. But use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (标题居中,用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体,下划线或斜体,如果标题中有已出版的文章,文章部分用双引号,如果是书籍,书籍部分用斜体。如:Sybolism in “Young Good Man Brown.” 或Sybolism in Scarlet Letter。 6. How to write an outline? 如何写提纲?((You are not required to write an outline this time).注意:这次没有要求写提纲。)As for the outline of a MLA paper, there is a sample of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition of MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level: A, B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a, b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3); F-level: (a), (b), (c). (MLA论文的题纲可以参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》第五版38页的提纲:A级:用大写罗马数字I, II, III等;B级:用大写英文字母A, B, C等;C级:用阿拉伯数字1、2、3 等;D级:用小写英文字母a,b, c 等; E级:用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); F级:用小写英文字母加括号,如:(a), (b), (c).) 7. (如何写副标题?)As for the heading of the text, title the main sections(B-level) 用不同的字体将文章中B级标题和主标题区分开: 如标题左对齐, 词首字母用12号字体,其余用10号字体,大写锁定键键入,如:主标题是:Symbolism in “Young Good Man Brown”(居中),B级标题是SYMBOLIC MEANING OF NATURE.(左对齐),然后用两倍行距分行,开始正文部分;C级标题大写词首字母,用斜体格式,不分行,直接开始正文部分。如: C级标题 Symblic Meaning of the Forest 8. How to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落?)Indent the first sentence of each paragraph . Microsoft Word suggests using the Tab ky. (每一段第一句缩进半英寸(厘米),用Tab键。 9. How many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分?)The thesis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。) 10. How to write the introduction? Is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分?它是作者的生平介绍吗?它是小说的 故事 情节介绍吗?) No, The introduction is neither the introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. It is an introduction of the paper you are writing. It should set the context for the rest of the paper. It tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. It ends with a thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. The thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍,也不是作品的故事情节介绍,而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调,告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性;引言部分用一个 句子 作为全文中心论点结束,中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点,指导和控制全文,使整篇文章不至于偏题。) 11. How to Make the Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the Reader to Grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解?)If your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. This can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长,在引言之后接下来一段,你可以介绍你论文的结构,便于读者理解你的观点。) 12. What are the elements for the body paragraphs? (正文段落的有哪些要素?)Body paragraphs have these four elements: a transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief wrap-up sentence. At the beginning of your developing paragraphs, make sure you have transitory words, phrases or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together. You’d better begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and several other sentences of instances to support it, and the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一个自然段开始,要注意用过渡段的连接词,词组或句子,把每一部分串联成一个符合逻辑的整体。每一段开始用一个中心句,接下来用列子证明,句与句之间要有表示逻辑关系的词,词组,最后用一句话概括整段大意,并与下一段自然过渡。) 13. How to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文献?)In-text citations occur after the quote but before the period. The author’s/authors’ name/s go before the page number with no comma in between. . “A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that she’s afraid of herself sometimes” (Hawthorne 431). If you go on to quote the same work, put the page number in a bracket only. . “She’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven”(432). 文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面,句号前面,作者姓空格页码,中间没有逗号),如果同一页引用同一作品,则只标页码。 14. Use block quote when quotations are longer than four-typed lines. Block quotations begin on a new line, are double-spaced and indented one-inch from the margin. Do not use quotation marks. The citation information (the author’s name and the page number) follow. (如果被引用的部分超过三行,则引用整段。整段引用另起一行,双倍行距,自页边空白整体缩进一英寸(厘米),不用引号,末尾添加引用来源(作者姓空格页码)。 15. If you delete words from the original quote, insert an ellipsis, three periods with a space before and after each one.(如果你去掉引文中的一些单词,用省略号(三个前后有空格的小圆点)。 16. If a source has more than three authors, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” . (Barker et al. 23) (如果文献作者是三位以上,文中引用只用第一位作者的姓,后面是空格加“et al." 再空格加页码) from a website: A. If the website has no page number,you simply use the author's surname after the . B. If you cite an indirect source, words quoted in another source. ie.( author's surname). C. Source with an unknown author is cited by a shortened title.(The first word of the title with a quotation mark:. "Automatically") 17. Conclusion wrap up what you have discussed in your paper. Because it is B-level, the first paragraph is not indented. (结尾部分 总结 论文中讨论的话题。因它是B级标题,第一段不缩进。) 18. How to Use Endnotes? (如何使用尾注?) Use endnotes to explain something that doesn’t fit in with the rest of the paragraph. Avoid lengthy discussion in the endnote. Endnote begins on a new page after the paper but before the Work/s Cited page. Double space all entries and indent each entry inch from the margin.(如果有和本段不相吻合,可以用尾注加以详细解释。尾注要简洁,避免冗长的讨论。尾注在正文后另起一页,置于文献引用页之前,用双行距,左对齐,页边距是半英寸,即厘米。 19. . How to format the Work/s Cited page ?(引用作品格式) The Work/s Cited page is a list of all the sources you cited in your paper. It includes books, journals, magazines, online resources, films, CD-Rom, interview,classroom notes, blog, e-mail, diaries, etc.(“引用作品”页是在你论文最后列出你文中引用的信息的来源, 包括书籍,期刊,报刊,网络,电影,光盘,访谈,课堂笔记,博客,电子邮件, 日记 等) The Works Cited page begins on a new page. Center the title Works Cited without underlining, bolding, italicizing it. If there is only one entry, write Work Cited.引用作品页置于尾注页之后,另起一页。将Works Cited 的标题居中,不加下划线,不加斜体。如果只引用一项,则用单数“Work Cited." List the entries in the alphebetically order. 按照字母表的顺序排列。 MLA now requires all sources to have a publication marker. For example, books receive the marker “print” after the citation. Online sources have the marker of "Web." CD-Rom, E-mail, Blog for resources from CD-Rom, E-mail, and Blog respectively. 现在MLA要求所有引用文献要有一个“出版标志." 比如,书藉后用"Print.," 网络信息用"Web" ,光盘用CD-Rom,博客用Blog.电子邮件用e-mail.(详见以下例子。) If a source doesn’t have a list of publisher, and you can infer who the publisher is. Place the publisher’s name in brackets.(如果原文没有出版社,但你能够猜到出版商是谁,可以用括号把出版商括起来。 Online Resources Citation: MLA no long requires URLs in the Works Cited, instead, you must write “web” before the date of access in the entry. This serves as the entry’s publication marker. ' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date. Web. Date of access. 对于网络信息,MLA 不再要求给出详细网址,但你必须在你访问网址的时间之前注明“Web”作为出版标记。如:作者姓,名. “文章名”. 网站,最后编辑日月年. Web. 访问日月年. Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 July 2010. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,. "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. . 5th. ed. New York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 注意: 1. 现在MLA不再在书名下用下划线,而是用斜体字。 2. 现在MLA要求用print 标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征,包括书,杂志,报纸。 3. 现在MLA不要求网络信息的详细网址,但要用Web 标记信息来源的出版特征。 以下信息来自网络,稍作改动。 1. 独著 姓,名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, . 2. 两至三名作者 姓,名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., . Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, . 3. 四名或以上作者 姓,名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, . 4. 机构作者 机构名称. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, . 5. 匿名作者 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980. Print. 6. 同一作者两本以上著作 以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后,作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前,第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。 Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, . ---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, . 7. 编著 一名编者: 姓, 名, ed. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Frye, Northrop, ed. Romanticism Reconsidered. New York: Columbia University Press, . 两名编者: 姓, 名, and 名姓, eds. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Atherns: The University of Georgia Press, . 三名以上的编者: 第一编者姓, 名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Donadio, Stephen, et al., eds. Emerson and His Legacy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, . 8. 译著 原作者姓, 名. 书名. Trans. 译者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, !. 9. 再版著作 姓,名. 书名. 版别序号 ed. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 5th ed. Ft. Worth: Harcourt, 1993. Print. 10. 论文集中的文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Wellek, Rene. “Romanticism RE-examined.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. . Hall, Stuart, “Minial Selves.” Studying Culture. Eds. Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan. Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993. 131-42. Print. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,., "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. . 5th York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 11. 多卷、多册或再版著作 书名后注明第几册或第几卷.(带翻译) 姓, 名. 书名. 卷目 vols. Trans.译者姓名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Plato. Laws. 2 vols. Trans. R. G. Bury. Leob Classical Libery. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. Print. 12. 前言,后记 前言作者姓,名. “Introduction (或Forewords 或 Preface).” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 前言起始页码.Print. 后记作者姓,名. “Afterwords.” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 后记起始页码.Print. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “Introduction.” Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier. By Joanna L. Stratton. New York: Simon, 1981. . 13. 期刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 卷号. 期号 (出版年代): 起始页码.Print. Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the 'Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): . Davis, Sherri Heckler. “The Zen Art of Prewriting.” New Mexico English Journal12. 1 (1988): . 14. 周刊或双周刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 出版日月年: 起始页码..Print. Hoagland, Edward. “Standing Tough in the Desert.” New York Times Book Review 7 May 1989: . 15. 月刊或双月刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 出版月年: 起始页码..Print. Weiss, Philip. “The Book Thief: A True Tale of Bibliomania.” Harper’s January 1994: . 16. 报纸文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年, 版, 栏, 页码..Print. Intraub, Anna Jinagwang. “How I learned to Read.” New York Times. 13 January 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Page . 如果作者未知, 版栏信息缺失, 格式为: “文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年: 页码..Print. “Learn English through Football.” 21st Century Supplement 21 Feb. 2002: . 17. Multimedia sources: (多媒体资料) MLA format for multimedia Sources requires a medium description at the end of the citation. Film, DVD, Radio, Web. E-mail, Presentation and other descriptions should be used to indicate the type of multimedia that is being referrenced. MLA格式要求多媒体资料的引用要在应用信息后面加上媒体形式:如电影,DVD,收音机,网络,电子邮件,演讲等。 ⑴ 网络著作 l General Format: Author(corporations, governments): Title of Site. Sponsor. Date Created (use . if not given) medium. Date accessed. 基本格式:作者(机构,政府):网页标题。网站,网页制作日月年(若无,用n. d.)媒介. 访问日月年。 l 整个网站:如:United States Environmental Protection Agency: Drinking Water Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006. l 网页上一篇不知发表日期的文章: Shiva. “Biothics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. Nativeweb, n. d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006 l 网上著作 作者姓, 名. 书名 出版年代. 检索日月年.Web Emerson, Ralph waldo. Essays: First Feb. 1997. Web. l 网络文章 作者姓, 名. 文章名称. 来源名称. 最后编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 Fischer, Michael F. “Worthless Words for the Day.” 21 November . 8 May 2007 19. l 博客:作者姓, 名. 博客名称. 来源名称 最近编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 :Li ChengPeng. Li Cheng Peng. , 30 Dec. 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. ⑵电邮:作者. 主题. 电邮大意. 发邮件日月年. E-mail. . Mu Xinghua. “Re: The Main Characters in ‘Flowering Judas’”. Message to the teacher. 20 Dec. 2011. E-mail. ⑶光盘: 作者姓, 名. “条目标题.” 光盘名称. (其他信息). CD-ROM. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. “Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992. ⑷ 视频: 作者. “视频标题.” 视频用途. 网站 上传日月年. Web. 访问视频日月年.

MLA不仅仅指引用格式,也包括了学术essay写作的其他格式要求。本文仅以引用格式为主体。在MLA格式中,引用主要分为两部分,文内引用以及引用页。在需要引用的部分后,以括号形式备注所引用文献的作者及所在页,文末单列一页为引用页。 总体格式 1.双倍行距,字体建议Times New Roman,12号(pt)大小。 2.页边距设为1英寸。 3.每段首行缩进半英寸。强烈建议使用tab键而不是猛敲空格。 4.使用页眉(或页脚)来标注页数,向右对齐。 5.加粗仅适用于题目,斜体仅适用于较长作品的名称以及强调重点。 何时引用 1.当你不确定的时候,引用总是没有错的。 2.当你解释(paraphrase),总结(summarize),提到(mention)某人的想法时,cite it! 3.当你引用某人的原句时,注意不仅要标注引用,还要用引号标出具体哪些部分是引用的。 4.当你引用数据、图片、表格、视频、动画等时,cite it! 5.当你提到一些并非常识的内容时,cite it! 注:常识是相对于潜在的读者而言的,一般来说对于普罗大众的内容所需要标注的引用比面对专家学者更多。同时,常识也意味着读者可以很快的查到的信息,不仅是在网上随处可见的,更是毫无争议的。因此当你不确定是否要标注引用时,cite it! 引用页 引用页字体等格式与总体一致。在第一行中间注明work cited。每个引用条目除首行外缩进半英寸。不需要标号,但需要以字母顺序排列。 文内引用 文内引用是在你的文章中简短地提及所引用的文献。在MLA引用中,你仅需要提供所引用文献的作者及所在页。中间不用逗号隔开,括号在句子内。常见格式为: Romantic poetry is characterized by the"spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"(Wordsworth 263). 如果作者名字已经在句子中提到,则只在括号内标注页码(如为网站等则不标注)。 例: Imperialism is“the practice,the theory,and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory”(Said 9). According to Edward is defined by“the practice,the theory,and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory”(9). Work Cited Said,Edward and . 引用条目格式 引用条目即引用页(work cited)所罗列的引用文献的条目。MLA规定了几个较为重要的元素。原则上多多益善,但是如果有实在没法找到的也可以省略(如引用圣经时就以The Bible开头,而不是Jesus)。在你的引用中,这些元素应排列如下: 作者。文献名称。文献所属上级(container),其他参与者,版本(version),版号(Number),出版商,出版日期,位置(location)。 1.作者:引用条目应以作者的姓(last name)开头,然后是逗号及名(the rest of the name)。以句号结尾。例:Said,Edward and . 2.文献名称:作者名后为所引用文献名。以句号结尾。取决于所引用文献类型,应使用斜体或引号。 ①.引用书应斜体:Henley, Hummingbird . ②.期刊应使用引号:Bagchi,Alaknanda."Conflicting Nationalisms:The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu."Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature,. 3.文献所属上级(container):即文献所在期刊、母页等。通常使用斜体,以逗号结尾,因为后边的信息都是描述本部分的。例:Kincaid,Jamaica."Girl."The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories,edited by Tobias Wolff,Vintage,1994,. 4.其他参与者:即译者、编者等,所谓二作、三作等依旧算做作者,不需要时可省。以逗号结尾。例:Foucault, and Civilization:A History of Insanity in the Age of by Richard Howard,Vintage-Random House,1988. 5.版本(version):如果文献属于某一版,应包括进引用条目内。以逗号结尾。例:The King James Version,Oxford UP,1998. 6.版号(number):如果文献属于某个系列,如期刊或丛书,应包括进引用条目内。以逗号结尾。例:Dolby,Nadine.“Research in Youth Culture and Policy:Current Conditions and Future Directions. 7.出版商:以逗号结尾。例:Women’s Health:Problems of the Digestive College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,2006. 8.出版日期:有争议时使用你所使用的版本或原始版本。以逗号结尾。例:“Hush.”Buffy the Vampire Slayer,created by Joss Whedon,performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar,season 4,Mutant Enemy,1999. 9.位置(location):应尽量详细标明⽂献所引出处,即页码、网页、或作品所在地理位置。以句号结尾。例:Matisse, Swimming of Modern Art,New York. 10.可选元素,引用日期:考虑到网络元素的多变性,MLA建议在引用条目最后标注引用时间。 例:Bernstein,Mark."10 Tips on Writing the Living Web."A List Apart:For People Who Make Websites,16 4 May 2009. 脚注及尾注 较长的解释对于读者的阅读是不小的干扰。因此大部分学术写作格式(MLA、APA)不建议经常使用脚注及尾注。不过MLA依然允许作者使用脚注或尾注来提供给读者其他有价值的文献。例: Blackmur,especially chapters 3 and 4,for an insightful analysis of this trend. the problems related to repressed memory recovery,see Wollens 120-35;for a contrasting view,see Pyle 43;Johnson,Hull,Snyder 21-35;Krieg 78-91. 使用过程中应注意脚注及尾注的数字上标应在标点符号后(破折号之前),不要使用星号或其他符号。数字标号应正确和脚注及尾注关联。 以上就是Meeloun小编给同学们分享的关于MLA格式的正确使用,大家他在使用MLA格式时一定要弄清楚引用的内容到底是什么。同学们可以结合《MLA格式Essay参考文献引用指南》这篇文章阅读,不要因为格式问题导致自己的essay被扣分。

论文参考文献格式mla

MLA参考文献格式:

1、基本的MLA引用格式。

在括号中写上作者姓氏和引用的页码。而当正文中已经提到了作者姓名的时候,只需要在引文后的括号里写出页码即可。

2、多位作者的引用。

当同一个引用出处有两位作者时,需要把两位的姓氏都写出来,并用and连接。但是,如果同一个出处有三位或更多的作者,那么则引文中在第一位作者的姓氏后面加上“etal”。

这里的“etal”表示还有其他作者的名字没有列出,读者可以到Works Cited列表里查看完整信息。除了作者以外,如果同一个出处有三位或更多的编者或译者,也是采取同样的做法。

3、姓氏相同的多位作者的引用。

当文中引用的几位作者碰巧姓氏相同的时候,在MLA格式下,需要再给出作者名字的首字母以示区别,当然在Works Cited列表中,应该提供所有作者的完整姓氏和名字。

4、同一位作者多部作品的引用。

当同一位作者有多部作品被引用时,MLA格式并不是用出版年份来加以区分的,而是在标注中使用原作品的标题。如果要在同一篇文书中引用这两份作品,则需要在引文标注中写明它们的标题。

5、同一段文字有多个出处的引用。

在这种情况下,需要用分号分隔每个引文标注。

MLA是ModernLanguageAssociation英文词语的缩写。MLA是美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,是一种常用的引用格式,由于在外国文章中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用,所以MLA格式很严谨。

MLA引用格式注意事项:

1、双倍行距。

2、第二行行首缩进5个字符(或半英寸)。

3、如果没有作者,从文章名开始

4、缩写全部月份名称,除了MayJune和July。

5、如果百科全书未按字母顺序排列文章,将其视为一般书籍文章。

5、网站:包括网页名称,网站全名及其建立者(此往往与网站名称相同)。此外,还包括文章创建及存在的日期(日、月、年)及你见到此文的日期。

6、互联网杂志文章:包括提供数据库服务的公司极其网址;文章的完整日期(日、月、年)及见到的日期;还有提供网络服务的图书馆或组织机构。如果引用的是期刊而不是杂志的话,还应有期刊的日期、卷册等。

mla格式英文论文文献

MLA是现代语言协会的缩写。它是美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,也是北美大学英语论文写作最常用的参考格式。目前,它已在第8版中发布。与APA,CMS和其他格式相比,MLA纸张格式更加严格且更常用。MLA格式通常用于文学论文中。 MLA引用与哈佛文献和APA文献完全不同,MLA格式使用的是“作者姓+页码”的组合,举例来说: Wordsworth said that romantic poetry is characterized by"spontaneous spillover of strong emotions".”(263). 或者 Romantic poetry is characterized by"the natural manifestation of strong emotions”(Wordsworth 263) (一)如果引用的材料有多个作者(超过三个),MLA格式需要使用“et al.”的缩略写法: (1)引用作者人数超过三人: According to Eric et al,“Current agricultural policies in the contributing to the poor health of Americans”(327). 或者 The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies(Franck et ). (2)引用作者人数未超过三人:The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is“evident,perceptible,apprehensible in texts”(Best and Marcus 9). 或者 Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface,rather than looking for some hidden meaning(9). MLA Cition格式 (二)如果引用同一个作者的不同文献,则在文内引用中需要加上文献的名称。 (1)同一作者的两篇文章: Lightinor believes that computers are not a useful tool for young children("too early"38),although he also acknowledges elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does give children little motor skills in their second and third years Better development(“Hand-Eye Development”17). (2)同一作者的两本书: Murray said that writing is a"process that changes with our way of thinking"(writing is to learn 6).In addition,Murray believes that the purpose of writing is"to bring thoughts and information from one person's head to another's head."(A Writer Teaches Writing 3). 在MLA参考格式中,主要有两种类型的文档:印刷(书籍和期刊)和Web(网页参考),必须在本文结尾引用的作品中进行标记。此外,每个参考条目都需要缩进两次。 (三)书籍引用 Last Name,First of Date. 姓,名.书名:出版城市.出版者,出版日期. 范例: Gleick, a New . Wysocki,Anne Frances,et New Media:Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of State UP,2004. 注意:MLA版本8在引用书籍时省略了发布城市。仅当在不同国家/地区发行的版本不同时,才应在报价单中注明发行城市。 MLA 8th引用书籍 Jacobs, Pleasures of Reading in an Age of UP,2011. MLA 7th引用书籍 Jacobs, Pleasures of Reading in an Age of UP, writing service on repor et (四)期刊引用 引用期刊时,需要加上vol.和no.来表示期刊的期刊数和卷号。 Author(s).“Title of Article.”Title of Journal,Volume,Issue,Year,pages. MLA 8th引用期刊 Kincaid,Jamaica.“In History.”Callaloo, 2001,. MLA 7th引用期刊 Kinkaid,Jamaica.“In History.”Callaloo (Spring 2001):. 范例: Bagchi,Alaknanda.“Conflicting Nationalisms:The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu.”Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature,. (五)网页引用 Editor,author,or compiler name(if available).Name of number,Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site(sponsor or publisher),date of resource creation(if available),URL,DOI or of access(if applicable). 编辑者,作者或编译器名称(如果有)。网站名称。版本号,与站点关联的机构/组织的名称(赞助者或发布者),资源创建日期(如果有),URL,DOI或永久链接。访问日期(如果适用)。 范例: Felluga, to Literary and Critical U,28 , 10 May 2006. Lundman,Susan.“How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”eHow, 6 July 2015. 最后我再提出两点注意事项哦: 1.现在MLA不再在书名下用下划线,而是用斜体字; 2.现在MLA要求用print标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征,包括书,杂志,报纸。

英文参考文献引用格式有两种:APA格式和MLA格式。

1、APA格式:APA(American Psychological Association)是一种标明参考来源的格式,主要使用在社会科学领域及其他学术准则中,国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。

APA文内注的参考文献格式是:“(作者姓氏,发表年份)”。

APA文末的参考文献目录格式是:Reference List, 必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:

期刊类:【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数:起止页码】Smith,J.(2006).The title of the title of Journal,1,101-105。

非期刊类:【作者】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】.(2002).What computers can't York:Harp&Row。

2、MLA格式:MLA是美国现代语言协会(Modern Language Association)制定的论文指导格式,多用于人文学科(Liberal Arts)。

MLA文内注的基本格式:“(作者姓氏,文献页码)”。

MLA文末的参考文献目录格式:在MLA格式中称为Works Cited,同样是以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:

期刊类:【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】Nwezeh,.“The Comparative Approachto Modern African Literature.”Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28(1979):22。

非期刊类:【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【发表年份】Winfield,Richard in Civil of Wisconsin P,1995。

文献引用不符合要求具体表现是:

1、所列文献范围过宽,凡所参阅过的均列出其中,如教材、内部刊物、获奖过但并未公开发表的成果报告等。

2、所列文献过多,如有些医生认为文献越多越好,将参阅过的文章书籍后的参考文献也悉数收录,有些文献作者并没有亲自阅读,只是认为跟自己的文章搭点边,也凑数其后。

3、所列文献过少,有些医生怕自己文章引述别人东西太多,被人认为抄袭,故意将一些重要参考文献略去。

4、对文献的理解偏面,以为只有引用文献原文才需要列出。

5、大而不当,将整期刊物甚至连续几期杂志或整张报纸作为参考文献。

MLA 是一种常用的引用格式,由于MLA 格式很严谨,在 文章 中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用。下面我给大家分享一些mla英语论文引用格式要求,希望能对大家有所帮助。mla英语论文引用格式要求 Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature” 关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则 1. The thesis is written in English, including the citation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。) 2. What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white x 11-inch paper. Set the margins of your thesis to one-inch( centimeters)on all sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版,双倍行距。页边距为厘米,16开A4白色纸打印,英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。) 3. How to Create a Header? 如何编辑页眉?Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉,将你的姓和页码标注在右上角,姓和页码之间有一个空格,不用标点符号;上面边距是厘米,右边与正文部分对齐。) 4. How to deal with the first page? 第一页格式的处理。In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutor’s name; the course; and the date. The date in MLA format should be written as “day month year.”: . 29 December 2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) Be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角,纵向排列你的名字;学号、班级;指导老师的名字;课程名称;日期(格式是日月年,中间不用标点符号,月份也不用缩写,如:29 December 2011) 5. How to write a title?(如何写标题?)The title is centered and written in 12-piont Times New Roman font. The title is not bold, underlined, or italicized. But use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (标题居中,用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体,下划线或斜体,如果标题中有已出版的文章,文章部分用双引号,如果是书籍,书籍部分用斜体。如:Sybolism in “Young Good Man Brown.” 或Sybolism in Scarlet Letter。 6. How to write an outline? 如何写提纲?((You are not required to write an outline this time).注意:这次没有要求写提纲。)As for the outline of a MLA paper, there is a sample of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition of MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level: A, B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a, b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3); F-level: (a), (b), (c). (MLA论文的题纲可以参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》第五版38页的提纲:A级:用大写罗马数字I, II, III等;B级:用大写英文字母A, B, C等;C级:用阿拉伯数字1、2、3 等;D级:用小写英文字母a,b, c 等; E级:用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); F级:用小写英文字母加括号,如:(a), (b), (c).) 7. (如何写副标题?)As for the heading of the text, title the main sections(B-level) 用不同的字体将文章中B级标题和主标题区分开: 如标题左对齐, 词首字母用12号字体,其余用10号字体,大写锁定键键入,如:主标题是:Symbolism in “Young Good Man Brown”(居中),B级标题是SYMBOLIC MEANING OF NATURE.(左对齐),然后用两倍行距分行,开始正文部分;C级标题大写词首字母,用斜体格式,不分行,直接开始正文部分。如: C级标题 Symblic Meaning of the Forest 8. How to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落?)Indent the first sentence of each paragraph . Microsoft Word suggests using the Tab ky. (每一段第一句缩进半英寸(厘米),用Tab键。 9. How many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分?)The thesis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。) 10. How to write the introduction? Is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分?它是作者的生平介绍吗?它是小说的 故事 情节介绍吗?) No, The introduction is neither the introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. It is an introduction of the paper you are writing. It should set the context for the rest of the paper. It tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. It ends with a thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. The thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍,也不是作品的故事情节介绍,而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调,告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性;引言部分用一个 句子 作为全文中心论点结束,中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点,指导和控制全文,使整篇文章不至于偏题。) 11. How to Make the Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the Reader to Grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解?)If your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. This can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长,在引言之后接下来一段,你可以介绍你论文的结构,便于读者理解你的观点。) 12. What are the elements for the body paragraphs? (正文段落的有哪些要素?)Body paragraphs have these four elements: a transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief wrap-up sentence. At the beginning of your developing paragraphs, make sure you have transitory words, phrases or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together. You’d better begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and several other sentences of instances to support it, and the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一个自然段开始,要注意用过渡段的连接词,词组或句子,把每一部分串联成一个符合逻辑的整体。每一段开始用一个中心句,接下来用列子证明,句与句之间要有表示逻辑关系的词,词组,最后用一句话概括整段大意,并与下一段自然过渡。) 13. How to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文献?)In-text citations occur after the quote but before the period. The author’s/authors’ name/s go before the page number with no comma in between. . “A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that she’s afraid of herself sometimes” (Hawthorne 431). If you go on to quote the same work, put the page number in a bracket only. . “She’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven”(432). 文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面,句号前面,作者姓空格页码,中间没有逗号),如果同一页引用同一作品,则只标页码。 14. Use block quote when quotations are longer than four-typed lines. Block quotations begin on a new line, are double-spaced and indented one-inch from the margin. Do not use quotation marks. The citation information (the author’s name and the page number) follow. (如果被引用的部分超过三行,则引用整段。整段引用另起一行,双倍行距,自页边空白整体缩进一英寸(厘米),不用引号,末尾添加引用来源(作者姓空格页码)。 15. If you delete words from the original quote, insert an ellipsis, three periods with a space before and after each one.(如果你去掉引文中的一些单词,用省略号(三个前后有空格的小圆点)。 16. If a source has more than three authors, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” . (Barker et al. 23) (如果文献作者是三位以上,文中引用只用第一位作者的姓,后面是空格加“et al." 再空格加页码) from a website: A. If the website has no page number,you simply use the author's surname after the . B. If you cite an indirect source, words quoted in another source. ie.( author's surname). C. Source with an unknown author is cited by a shortened title.(The first word of the title with a quotation mark:. "Automatically") 17. Conclusion wrap up what you have discussed in your paper. Because it is B-level, the first paragraph is not indented. (结尾部分 总结 论文中讨论的话题。因它是B级标题,第一段不缩进。) 18. How to Use Endnotes? (如何使用尾注?) Use endnotes to explain something that doesn’t fit in with the rest of the paragraph. Avoid lengthy discussion in the endnote. Endnote begins on a new page after the paper but before the Work/s Cited page. Double space all entries and indent each entry inch from the margin.(如果有和本段不相吻合,可以用尾注加以详细解释。尾注要简洁,避免冗长的讨论。尾注在正文后另起一页,置于文献引用页之前,用双行距,左对齐,页边距是半英寸,即厘米。 19. . How to format the Work/s Cited page ?(引用作品格式) The Work/s Cited page is a list of all the sources you cited in your paper. It includes books, journals, magazines, online resources, films, CD-Rom, interview,classroom notes, blog, e-mail, diaries, etc.(“引用作品”页是在你论文最后列出你文中引用的信息的来源, 包括书籍,期刊,报刊,网络,电影,光盘,访谈,课堂笔记,博客,电子邮件, 日记 等) The Works Cited page begins on a new page. Center the title Works Cited without underlining, bolding, italicizing it. If there is only one entry, write Work Cited.引用作品页置于尾注页之后,另起一页。将Works Cited 的标题居中,不加下划线,不加斜体。如果只引用一项,则用单数“Work Cited." List the entries in the alphebetically order. 按照字母表的顺序排列。 MLA now requires all sources to have a publication marker. For example, books receive the marker “print” after the citation. Online sources have the marker of "Web." CD-Rom, E-mail, Blog for resources from CD-Rom, E-mail, and Blog respectively. 现在MLA要求所有引用文献要有一个“出版标志." 比如,书藉后用"Print.," 网络信息用"Web" ,光盘用CD-Rom,博客用Blog.电子邮件用e-mail.(详见以下例子。) If a source doesn’t have a list of publisher, and you can infer who the publisher is. Place the publisher’s name in brackets.(如果原文没有出版社,但你能够猜到出版商是谁,可以用括号把出版商括起来。 Online Resources Citation: MLA no long requires URLs in the Works Cited, instead, you must write “web” before the date of access in the entry. This serves as the entry’s publication marker. ' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date. Web. Date of access. 对于网络信息,MLA 不再要求给出详细网址,但你必须在你访问网址的时间之前注明“Web”作为出版标记。如:作者姓,名. “文章名”. 网站,最后编辑日月年. Web. 访问日月年. Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 July 2010. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,. "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. . 5th. ed. New York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 注意: 1. 现在MLA不再在书名下用下划线,而是用斜体字。 2. 现在MLA要求用print 标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征,包括书,杂志,报纸。 3. 现在MLA不要求网络信息的详细网址,但要用Web 标记信息来源的出版特征。 以下信息来自网络,稍作改动。 1. 独著 姓,名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, . 2. 两至三名作者 姓,名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., . Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, . 3. 四名或以上作者 姓,名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, . 4. 机构作者 机构名称. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, . 5. 匿名作者 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980. Print. 6. 同一作者两本以上著作 以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后,作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前,第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。 Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, . ---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, . 7. 编著 一名编者: 姓, 名, ed. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Frye, Northrop, ed. Romanticism Reconsidered. New York: Columbia University Press, . 两名编者: 姓, 名, and 名姓, eds. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Atherns: The University of Georgia Press, . 三名以上的编者: 第一编者姓, 名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Donadio, Stephen, et al., eds. Emerson and His Legacy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, . 8. 译著 原作者姓, 名. 书名. Trans. 译者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, !. 9. 再版著作 姓,名. 书名. 版别序号 ed. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 5th ed. Ft. Worth: Harcourt, 1993. Print. 10. 论文集中的文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Wellek, Rene. “Romanticism RE-examined.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. . Hall, Stuart, “Minial Selves.” Studying Culture. Eds. Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan. Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993. 131-42. Print. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,., "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. . 5th York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 11. 多卷、多册或再版著作 书名后注明第几册或第几卷.(带翻译) 姓, 名. 书名. 卷目 vols. Trans.译者姓名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Plato. Laws. 2 vols. Trans. R. G. Bury. Leob Classical Libery. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. Print. 12. 前言,后记 前言作者姓,名. “Introduction (或Forewords 或 Preface).” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 前言起始页码.Print. 后记作者姓,名. “Afterwords.” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 后记起始页码.Print. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “Introduction.” Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier. By Joanna L. Stratton. New York: Simon, 1981. . 13. 期刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 卷号. 期号 (出版年代): 起始页码.Print. Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the 'Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): . Davis, Sherri Heckler. “The Zen Art of Prewriting.” New Mexico English Journal12. 1 (1988): . 14. 周刊或双周刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 出版日月年: 起始页码..Print. Hoagland, Edward. “Standing Tough in the Desert.” New York Times Book Review 7 May 1989: . 15. 月刊或双月刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 出版月年: 起始页码..Print. Weiss, Philip. “The Book Thief: A True Tale of Bibliomania.” Harper’s January 1994: . 16. 报纸文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年, 版, 栏, 页码..Print. Intraub, Anna Jinagwang. “How I learned to Read.” New York Times. 13 January 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Page . 如果作者未知, 版栏信息缺失, 格式为: “文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年: 页码..Print. “Learn English through Football.” 21st Century Supplement 21 Feb. 2002: . 17. Multimedia sources: (多媒体资料) MLA format for multimedia Sources requires a medium description at the end of the citation. Film, DVD, Radio, Web. E-mail, Presentation and other descriptions should be used to indicate the type of multimedia that is being referrenced. MLA格式要求多媒体资料的引用要在应用信息后面加上媒体形式:如电影,DVD,收音机,网络,电子邮件,演讲等。 ⑴ 网络著作 l General Format: Author(corporations, governments): Title of Site. Sponsor. Date Created (use . if not given) medium. Date accessed. 基本格式:作者(机构,政府):网页标题。网站,网页制作日月年(若无,用n. d.)媒介. 访问日月年。 l 整个网站:如:United States Environmental Protection Agency: Drinking Water Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006. l 网页上一篇不知发表日期的文章: Shiva. “Biothics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. Nativeweb, n. d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006 l 网上著作 作者姓, 名. 书名 出版年代. 检索日月年.Web Emerson, Ralph waldo. Essays: First Feb. 1997. Web. l 网络文章 作者姓, 名. 文章名称. 来源名称. 最后编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 Fischer, Michael F. “Worthless Words for the Day.” 21 November . 8 May 2007 19. l 博客:作者姓, 名. 博客名称. 来源名称 最近编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 :Li ChengPeng. Li Cheng Peng. , 30 Dec. 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. ⑵电邮:作者. 主题. 电邮大意. 发邮件日月年. E-mail. . Mu Xinghua. “Re: The Main Characters in ‘Flowering Judas’”. Message to the teacher. 20 Dec. 2011. E-mail. ⑶光盘: 作者姓, 名. “条目标题.” 光盘名称. (其他信息). CD-ROM. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. “Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992. ⑷ 视频: 作者. “视频标题.” 视频用途. 网站 上传日月年. Web. 访问视频日月年.

mla参考文献引用论文格式

MLA的基本格式和多做者引用格式。1、MLA的基本格式,一般情况下,MLA的基本引用格式需要在括号中写入所引用作者的姓氏以及页码。如:(Hawkins201)以此来表示我们在文中引用的内容是来自Hawkins某部作品的第201页。如果我们在文中已经提到了作者的姓名,则只需要在引文后的括号中标注出页码即可。这种情况下是不需要再次对作者的姓名进行重申的。2、多作者引用的格式,当我们遇到同一个引用有两位作者时,我们只需要在两位的姓氏中间用and进行连接,如:(HawkinsandSchreiber201),这里则表示我们所引用的内容是来自于Hawkins和Schreiber两位作者同时编译的某部作品的第201页,同理,若文中已经提及了两位作者的姓名,那么我们是不需要再进行二次重申的,只需要在引文后的括号中标注出页码即可。除此之外,如果我们遇到了超过两位以上作者的同一个引用又该如何处理呢?这个时候我们只需要在引文中写入第一位作者即可,但是一定要在第一位作者后紧跟“etal.”这里的“etal.”是用来表示除了该作者之外还有其他的作者姓名没有进行列出。

MLA 是一种常用的引用格式,由于MLA 格式很严谨,在 文章 中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用。下面我给大家分享一些mla英语论文引用格式要求,希望能对大家有所帮助。mla英语论文引用格式要求 Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature” 关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则 1. The thesis is written in English, including the citation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。) 2. What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white x 11-inch paper. Set the margins of your thesis to one-inch( centimeters)on all sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版,双倍行距。页边距为厘米,16开A4白色纸打印,英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。) 3. How to Create a Header? 如何编辑页眉?Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉,将你的姓和页码标注在右上角,姓和页码之间有一个空格,不用标点符号;上面边距是厘米,右边与正文部分对齐。) 4. How to deal with the first page? 第一页格式的处理。In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutor’s name; the course; and the date. The date in MLA format should be written as “day month year.”: . 29 December 2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) Be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角,纵向排列你的名字;学号、班级;指导老师的名字;课程名称;日期(格式是日月年,中间不用标点符号,月份也不用缩写,如:29 December 2011) 5. How to write a title?(如何写标题?)The title is centered and written in 12-piont Times New Roman font. The title is not bold, underlined, or italicized. But use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (标题居中,用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体,下划线或斜体,如果标题中有已出版的文章,文章部分用双引号,如果是书籍,书籍部分用斜体。如:Sybolism in “Young Good Man Brown.” 或Sybolism in Scarlet Letter。 6. How to write an outline? 如何写提纲?((You are not required to write an outline this time).注意:这次没有要求写提纲。)As for the outline of a MLA paper, there is a sample of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition of MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level: A, B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a, b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3); F-level: (a), (b), (c). (MLA论文的题纲可以参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》第五版38页的提纲:A级:用大写罗马数字I, II, III等;B级:用大写英文字母A, B, C等;C级:用阿拉伯数字1、2、3 等;D级:用小写英文字母a,b, c 等; E级:用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); F级:用小写英文字母加括号,如:(a), (b), (c).) 7. (如何写副标题?)As for the heading of the text, title the main sections(B-level) 用不同的字体将文章中B级标题和主标题区分开: 如标题左对齐, 词首字母用12号字体,其余用10号字体,大写锁定键键入,如:主标题是:Symbolism in “Young Good Man Brown”(居中),B级标题是SYMBOLIC MEANING OF NATURE.(左对齐),然后用两倍行距分行,开始正文部分;C级标题大写词首字母,用斜体格式,不分行,直接开始正文部分。如: C级标题 Symblic Meaning of the Forest 8. How to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落?)Indent the first sentence of each paragraph . Microsoft Word suggests using the Tab ky. (每一段第一句缩进半英寸(厘米),用Tab键。 9. How many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分?)The thesis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。) 10. How to write the introduction? Is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分?它是作者的生平介绍吗?它是小说的 故事 情节介绍吗?) No, The introduction is neither the introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. It is an introduction of the paper you are writing. It should set the context for the rest of the paper. It tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. It ends with a thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. The thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍,也不是作品的故事情节介绍,而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调,告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性;引言部分用一个 句子 作为全文中心论点结束,中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点,指导和控制全文,使整篇文章不至于偏题。) 11. How to Make the Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the Reader to Grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解?)If your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. This can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长,在引言之后接下来一段,你可以介绍你论文的结构,便于读者理解你的观点。) 12. What are the elements for the body paragraphs? (正文段落的有哪些要素?)Body paragraphs have these four elements: a transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief wrap-up sentence. At the beginning of your developing paragraphs, make sure you have transitory words, phrases or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together. You’d better begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and several other sentences of instances to support it, and the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一个自然段开始,要注意用过渡段的连接词,词组或句子,把每一部分串联成一个符合逻辑的整体。每一段开始用一个中心句,接下来用列子证明,句与句之间要有表示逻辑关系的词,词组,最后用一句话概括整段大意,并与下一段自然过渡。) 13. How to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文献?)In-text citations occur after the quote but before the period. The author’s/authors’ name/s go before the page number with no comma in between. . “A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that she’s afraid of herself sometimes” (Hawthorne 431). If you go on to quote the same work, put the page number in a bracket only. . “She’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven”(432). 文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面,句号前面,作者姓空格页码,中间没有逗号),如果同一页引用同一作品,则只标页码。 14. Use block quote when quotations are longer than four-typed lines. Block quotations begin on a new line, are double-spaced and indented one-inch from the margin. Do not use quotation marks. The citation information (the author’s name and the page number) follow. (如果被引用的部分超过三行,则引用整段。整段引用另起一行,双倍行距,自页边空白整体缩进一英寸(厘米),不用引号,末尾添加引用来源(作者姓空格页码)。 15. If you delete words from the original quote, insert an ellipsis, three periods with a space before and after each one.(如果你去掉引文中的一些单词,用省略号(三个前后有空格的小圆点)。 16. If a source has more than three authors, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” . (Barker et al. 23) (如果文献作者是三位以上,文中引用只用第一位作者的姓,后面是空格加“et al." 再空格加页码) from a website: A. If the website has no page number,you simply use the author's surname after the . B. If you cite an indirect source, words quoted in another source. ie.( author's surname). C. Source with an unknown author is cited by a shortened title.(The first word of the title with a quotation mark:. "Automatically") 17. Conclusion wrap up what you have discussed in your paper. Because it is B-level, the first paragraph is not indented. (结尾部分 总结 论文中讨论的话题。因它是B级标题,第一段不缩进。) 18. How to Use Endnotes? (如何使用尾注?) Use endnotes to explain something that doesn’t fit in with the rest of the paragraph. Avoid lengthy discussion in the endnote. Endnote begins on a new page after the paper but before the Work/s Cited page. Double space all entries and indent each entry inch from the margin.(如果有和本段不相吻合,可以用尾注加以详细解释。尾注要简洁,避免冗长的讨论。尾注在正文后另起一页,置于文献引用页之前,用双行距,左对齐,页边距是半英寸,即厘米。 19. . How to format the Work/s Cited page ?(引用作品格式) The Work/s Cited page is a list of all the sources you cited in your paper. It includes books, journals, magazines, online resources, films, CD-Rom, interview,classroom notes, blog, e-mail, diaries, etc.(“引用作品”页是在你论文最后列出你文中引用的信息的来源, 包括书籍,期刊,报刊,网络,电影,光盘,访谈,课堂笔记,博客,电子邮件, 日记 等) The Works Cited page begins on a new page. Center the title Works Cited without underlining, bolding, italicizing it. If there is only one entry, write Work Cited.引用作品页置于尾注页之后,另起一页。将Works Cited 的标题居中,不加下划线,不加斜体。如果只引用一项,则用单数“Work Cited." List the entries in the alphebetically order. 按照字母表的顺序排列。 MLA now requires all sources to have a publication marker. For example, books receive the marker “print” after the citation. Online sources have the marker of "Web." CD-Rom, E-mail, Blog for resources from CD-Rom, E-mail, and Blog respectively. 现在MLA要求所有引用文献要有一个“出版标志." 比如,书藉后用"Print.," 网络信息用"Web" ,光盘用CD-Rom,博客用Blog.电子邮件用e-mail.(详见以下例子。) If a source doesn’t have a list of publisher, and you can infer who the publisher is. Place the publisher’s name in brackets.(如果原文没有出版社,但你能够猜到出版商是谁,可以用括号把出版商括起来。 Online Resources Citation: MLA no long requires URLs in the Works Cited, instead, you must write “web” before the date of access in the entry. This serves as the entry’s publication marker. ' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date. Web. Date of access. 对于网络信息,MLA 不再要求给出详细网址,但你必须在你访问网址的时间之前注明“Web”作为出版标记。如:作者姓,名. “文章名”. 网站,最后编辑日月年. Web. 访问日月年. Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 July 2010. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,. "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. . 5th. ed. New York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 注意: 1. 现在MLA不再在书名下用下划线,而是用斜体字。 2. 现在MLA要求用print 标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征,包括书,杂志,报纸。 3. 现在MLA不要求网络信息的详细网址,但要用Web 标记信息来源的出版特征。 以下信息来自网络,稍作改动。 1. 独著 姓,名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, . 2. 两至三名作者 姓,名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., . Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, . 3. 四名或以上作者 姓,名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, . 4. 机构作者 机构名称. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, . 5. 匿名作者 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980. Print. 6. 同一作者两本以上著作 以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后,作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前,第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。 Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, . ---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, . 7. 编著 一名编者: 姓, 名, ed. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Frye, Northrop, ed. Romanticism Reconsidered. New York: Columbia University Press, . 两名编者: 姓, 名, and 名姓, eds. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Atherns: The University of Georgia Press, . 三名以上的编者: 第一编者姓, 名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Donadio, Stephen, et al., eds. Emerson and His Legacy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, . 8. 译著 原作者姓, 名. 书名. Trans. 译者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, !. 9. 再版著作 姓,名. 书名. 版别序号 ed. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 5th ed. Ft. Worth: Harcourt, 1993. Print. 10. 论文集中的文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Wellek, Rene. “Romanticism RE-examined.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. . Hall, Stuart, “Minial Selves.” Studying Culture. Eds. Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan. Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993. 131-42. Print. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,., "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. . 5th York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 11. 多卷、多册或再版著作 书名后注明第几册或第几卷.(带翻译) 姓, 名. 书名. 卷目 vols. Trans.译者姓名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Plato. Laws. 2 vols. Trans. R. G. Bury. Leob Classical Libery. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. Print. 12. 前言,后记 前言作者姓,名. “Introduction (或Forewords 或 Preface).” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 前言起始页码.Print. 后记作者姓,名. “Afterwords.” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 后记起始页码.Print. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “Introduction.” Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier. By Joanna L. Stratton. New York: Simon, 1981. . 13. 期刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 卷号. 期号 (出版年代): 起始页码.Print. Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the 'Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): . Davis, Sherri Heckler. “The Zen Art of Prewriting.” New Mexico English Journal12. 1 (1988): . 14. 周刊或双周刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 出版日月年: 起始页码..Print. Hoagland, Edward. “Standing Tough in the Desert.” New York Times Book Review 7 May 1989: . 15. 月刊或双月刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 出版月年: 起始页码..Print. Weiss, Philip. “The Book Thief: A True Tale of Bibliomania.” Harper’s January 1994: . 16. 报纸文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年, 版, 栏, 页码..Print. Intraub, Anna Jinagwang. “How I learned to Read.” New York Times. 13 January 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Page . 如果作者未知, 版栏信息缺失, 格式为: “文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年: 页码..Print. “Learn English through Football.” 21st Century Supplement 21 Feb. 2002: . 17. Multimedia sources: (多媒体资料) MLA format for multimedia Sources requires a medium description at the end of the citation. Film, DVD, Radio, Web. E-mail, Presentation and other descriptions should be used to indicate the type of multimedia that is being referrenced. MLA格式要求多媒体资料的引用要在应用信息后面加上媒体形式:如电影,DVD,收音机,网络,电子邮件,演讲等。 ⑴ 网络著作 l General Format: Author(corporations, governments): Title of Site. Sponsor. Date Created (use . if not given) medium. Date accessed. 基本格式:作者(机构,政府):网页标题。网站,网页制作日月年(若无,用n. d.)媒介. 访问日月年。 l 整个网站:如:United States Environmental Protection Agency: Drinking Water Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006. l 网页上一篇不知发表日期的文章: Shiva. “Biothics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. Nativeweb, n. d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006 l 网上著作 作者姓, 名. 书名 出版年代. 检索日月年.Web Emerson, Ralph waldo. Essays: First Feb. 1997. Web. l 网络文章 作者姓, 名. 文章名称. 来源名称. 最后编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 Fischer, Michael F. “Worthless Words for the Day.” 21 November . 8 May 2007 19. l 博客:作者姓, 名. 博客名称. 来源名称 最近编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 :Li ChengPeng. Li Cheng Peng. , 30 Dec. 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. ⑵电邮:作者. 主题. 电邮大意. 发邮件日月年. E-mail. . Mu Xinghua. “Re: The Main Characters in ‘Flowering Judas’”. Message to the teacher. 20 Dec. 2011. E-mail. ⑶光盘: 作者姓, 名. “条目标题.” 光盘名称. (其他信息). CD-ROM. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. “Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992. ⑷ 视频: 作者. “视频标题.” 视频用途. 网站 上传日月年. Web. 访问视频日月年.

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